Biopsy Test

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What is a biopsy?

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  • Inflammatory disorders, such as in your kidney (nephritis) or liver (hepatitis).
  • Infections, like tuberculosis.
  • Immune disorders, such as chronic pancreatitis.
  • Peptic ulcer disease
  • Endometriosis

Types of biopsies

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  • Bone marrow biopsy : Providers use a special biopsy needle and syringe to obtain a small sample of bone marrow. They do bone marrow biopsies to diagnose blood cancers, blood disorders and other diseases.
  • Cone biopsy : Also known as conization or cold knife biopsy, providers do cone biopsies to remove abnormal tissue from your cervix. Cone biopsies may detect cervical cancer or cervical dysplasia that could lead to cancer.
  • Excisional biopsy or incisional biopsies : In these procedures, providers make incisions or cuts in your body to remove tissue from inside your body. Excisional biopsies involve removing entire lumps or suspicious areas. Incisional biopsies involve taking tissue samples of lumps or suspicious areas.
  • Liquid biopsy : This blood test detects signs of cancerous cells or cancer cell DNA.
  • Needle biopsy : Providers use needle biopsies to extract cells, fluid or tissues. Your provider may order a needle biopsy if they feel an unusual lump or bump on your body or imaging tests detect potential issues.
  • Punch biopsy : Providers use a special device to remove tissue that may be cancerous. Providers use a special device that punches a hole in your skin’s surface.
  • Sentinel node biopsy : Providers do this procedure to see if cancer cells have spread from an original tumor.
  • Shave biopsy : Providers use a razor to scrape up a small sample of skin cells to detect skin cancer.

Test Details

What happens before a biopsy?

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  • What medications you’re taking, including over-the-counter medications, prescription medications, vitamins and herbal supplements.
  • Whether you have allergies, including being allergic to latex. Providers typically wear latex gloves when they perform biopsies.
  • Your current health. Your provider will know about the medical issues that require biopsy and any other medical conditions, but they may ask if you have new issues. For example, they may ask about viral infections such as colds or flu.
  • If you might be pregnant.

Your provider will also let you know if you’ll need to:

  • Stop eating or drinking fluids before your biopsy.
  • Temporarily stop taking certain medications, such as aspirin or blood thinners.
  • Arrange for a ride home after your biopsy.
  • Need someone to stay with you for a few hours while you recover.

Finally, your provider will explain what kind of anesthesia they’ll use so you don’t experience pain during the procedure:

  • Local anesthesia, which numbs a small section of your body.
  • Regional anesthesia, which blocks pain in a larger area of your body.
  • General anesthesia, which makes you unconscious and unable to feel pain.

What happens during a biopsy?

There are different ways to do biopsies. The kind of biopsy you’ll have depends on the location of the tissue or fluid your provider wants to examine. Some common biopsies are:

  • Breast biopsy.
  • Prostate biopsy, including MRI-guided prostate biopsy.
  • Endometrial biopsy to detect issues with the lining of your uterus (endometrium).
  • Liver biopsy.
  • Heart biopsy after heart transplantation.
  • Kidney biopsy.
  • Skin biopsy.

What happens after a biopsy?

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Do biopsies hurt?

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What are possible biopsy complications?

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  • Excessive bleeding.
  • Infection.
  • Scarring. You may have a small scar at the biopsy site if your provider used a scalpel or other sharp instrument to obtain tissue samples.

Contact your provider if:

  • The biopsy site won’t stop bleeding.
  • The site looks red, and/or is tender to your touch, swollen or oozing. These may be symptoms of an infection.
  • You have a fever.

Results and Follow-Up

When would I know biopsy results?

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What happens if my biopsy results show there’s something wrong?

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Are biopsy results always accurate?

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A note from Cleveland Clinic

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